# Derive By First Principle – Example 1

## Solving Equation of Index Number

#### Example

Derive the equation $$y = {x^2} + \frac{3}{x}$$ by using first principle.

\eqalign{ & y = {x^2} + \frac{3}{x} \cr & \frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} \frac{{\delta y}}{{\delta x}} \cr & = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} \frac{{\left( {y + \delta y} \right) – y}}{{\delta x}} \cr & = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} \frac{{\left[ {{{\left( {x + \delta x} \right)}^2} + \frac{3}{{x + \delta x}}} \right] – \left[ {{x^2} + \frac{3}{x}} \right]}}{{\delta x}} \cr & = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} \frac{{{x^2} + 2x\delta x + \delta {x^2} – {x^2} + \frac{3}{{x + \delta x}} – \frac{3}{x}}}{{\delta x}} \cr & = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} \frac{{2x\delta x + \delta {x^2}}}{{\delta x}} + \frac{{\frac{{3x – 3(x + \delta x)}}{{x(x + \delta x)}}}}{{\delta x}} \cr & = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} 2x + \delta x + \frac{{ -3 \delta x}}{{x(x + \delta x)}} \times \frac{1}{{\delta x}} \cr & = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} 2x + \delta x + \frac{{ – 3}}{{x(x + \delta x)}} \cr & = 2x – \frac{3}{{{x^2}}} \cr}

$$\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\delta x \to 0} \frac{{\delta y}}{{\delta x}}$$

# Selesaikan Persamaan Nombor Indeks – Contoh 1

## Selesaikan Persamaan Nombor Indeks

#### Contoh

Selesaikan persamaan 5x-1 + 5x+2 = 3150

\eqalign{ & {5^{x – 1}} + {5^{x + 2}} = 3150 \cr & \frac{{{5^x}}}{5} + {5^x} \times {5^2} = 3150 \cr & \frac{{{5^x}}}{5} + \frac{{125 \times {5^x}}}{5} = 3150 \cr & 126 \times {5^x} = 5 \times 3150 \cr & {5^x} = \frac{{5 \times 3150}}{{126}} \cr & {5^x} = 125 = {5^3} \cr & x = 3 \cr}

\eqalign{ & {a^m} \times {a^n} = {a^{m + n}} \cr & {a^m} \div {a^n} = \frac{{{a^m}}}{{{a^n}}} = {a^{m – n}} \cr & {\text{Hence}} \cr & {5^{x – 1}} = {5^x} \div 5 = \frac{{{5^x}}}{5} \cr & {5^{x + 2}} = {5^x} \times {5^2} \cr}

# Solving Equation of Index Number – Example 1

## Solving Equation of Index Number

#### Example

Solve the equation 5x-1 + 5x+2 = 3150

\eqalign{ & {5^{x – 1}} + {5^{x + 2}} = 3150 \cr & \frac{{{5^x}}}{5} + {5^x} \times {5^2} = 3150 \cr & \frac{{{5^x}}}{5} + \frac{{125 \times {5^x}}}{5} = 3150 \cr & 126 \times {5^x} = 5 \times 3150 \cr & {5^x} = \frac{{5 \times 3150}}{{126}} \cr & {5^x} = 125 = {5^3} \cr & x = 3 \cr}

\eqalign{ & {a^m} \times {a^n} = {a^{m + n}} \cr & {a^m} \div {a^n} = \frac{{{a^m}}}{{{a^n}}} = {a^{m – n}} \cr & {\text{Hence}} \cr & {5^{x – 1}} = {5^x} \div 5 = \frac{{{5^x}}}{5} \cr & {5^{x + 2}} = {5^x} \times {5^2} \cr}

# Derived Quantities

## 1.2.2 Derived Quantities

1. A derived quantity is a Physics quantity that is not a base quantity. It is the quantities which derived from the base quantities through multiplying and/or dividing them.
2. For example, speed is define as rate of change of distance, Mathematically, we write this as Speed = Distance/Time. Both distance and time are base quantities, whereas speed is a derived quantity as it is derived from distance and time through division. Example
(Speed is derived from dividing distance by time.)
3. Belows are the derived quantities that you need to know in SPM. You need to know the equation of all the quantities, so that you can derive their unit from the equation.
4. If you find it difficult to memorise all these equation, you can skip it now because you are going to learn all of them in the other chapter.

# Base Quantities

## 1.2.1 Base Quantities

### Physical Quantity

1. A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured.
2. A physical quantity can be divided into base quantity and derived quantity.

### Base Quantities

1. Base quantities are the quantities that cannot be defined in term of other physical quantity.
2. The base quantities and its units are as in the table below:
TIPS: In SPM, you MUST remember all 5 base quantities and its SI unit.

# Introduction to Physics

## 1.1.1 Understanding Physics

Physics is a branch of science that studies the

1. natural phenomena
2. properties of matter
3. energy

### Field of study in Physics

The field of studies in Physics including

1. Motion
2. Pressure
3. Heat
4. Light
5. Waves
6. Electricity
7. Magnetism and electromagnetism
8. Electronics
9. Nuclear Physics